|
 |
| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
|
| Year : 2017 | Volume
: 3
| Issue : 2 | Page : 114-120 |
|
Doppler sonographic assessment of carotid arteries in Sudanese stroke patients
Sarah Tagelsir1, Moawia Bushra Gameraddin2, Mahmoud S Babiker2, Awadia Gareeballah3, Suzan Abdelmaboud3, Suliman Salih2
1 Department of Surgery, Khartoum Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan
2 Diagnostic Radiological Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
3 Department of Radiology, Faculty of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan
| Date of Submission | 16-Apr-2017 |
| Date of Decision | 01-Jun-2017 |
| Date of Acceptance | 06-Jun-2017 |
| Date of Web Publication | 18-Jul-2017 |
Correspondence Address:
Moawia Bushra Gameraddin
Department of Diagnostic Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah
Saudi Arabia
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_5_17
BACKGROUND: Hypertension, diabetes, and smoking were considered to be associated with several public health problems.
OBJECTIVE: the study aims to explore the hemodynamic of carotid arteries in association with hypertension, diabetes, and smoking in Sudanese stroke patients.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a quantitative descriptive study, fifty patients with stroke were scanned by B-mode and Doppler sonography. Carotid arteries were investigated with a 7-MHz linear transducer by a standard carotid sonography protocol.
RESULTS: The average Doppler resistive index (RI) was 0.71 ± 0.084 and intima-media thickness was 1.39 ± 0.78 mm. The end diastolic velocities (EDVs) and peak systolic velocities (PSVs) of common carotid arteries were significantly changed in smokers and hypertensive (P < 0.05). The elevation of RI in right and left CCAs were significantly correlated with smokers (P = 0.017 and 0.010 respectively). Hemorrhagic stroke was most prevalent in hypertensive rather than diabetic and smokers. The carotid hemodynamics changed significantly in hypertensive and smokers more than diabetics.
CONCLUSION: EDV and PSV were significantly correlated with hypertension and tobacco smoking rather than diabetes. Hypertension, diabetes, and smoking have an association with stroke and hand significant effect on carotid artery hemodynamic and atherosclerotic disease. The Doppler RIs were significantly correlated with smokers. Patients with risk factors of stroke should be scanned with Doppler sonography as early as possible. Keywords: Assessment, carotid arteries, Doppler, sonographic, stroke, Sudanese patients
How to cite this article:
Tagelsir S, Gameraddin MB, Babiker MS, Gareeballah A, Abdelmaboud S, Salih S. Doppler sonographic assessment of carotid arteries in Sudanese stroke patients. Brain Circ 2017;3:114-20 |
How to cite this URL:
Tagelsir S, Gameraddin MB, Babiker MS, Gareeballah A, Abdelmaboud S, Salih S. Doppler sonographic assessment of carotid arteries in Sudanese stroke patients. Brain Circ [serial online] 2017 [cited 2023 Jun 9];3:114-20. Available from: http://www.braincirculation.org/text.asp?2017/3/2/114/210961 |
| Introduction | |  |
Cerebral stroke is a major health problem and represents a significant source of mortality and morbidity in many countries. It is the second cause of death in the world.[1] Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and smoking were the most common risk factors. In previous studies, hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor of stroke and it is associated with plaque formation and contributes to plaque growth.[2] On the other hand, diabetes mellitus is a prominent risk factor for the first stroke in patients with ischemic stroke.[3],[4] Previous studies reported that diabetes mellitus was an independent factor of recurrent stroke in the previous population-based study and accounts for 9.1% of recurrent strokes.[5],[6],[7]
In the current literature, smoking is a significant factor for ischemic stroke and risk of stroke was about twice as high for passive smokers than for nonsmokers.[8],[9] Furthermore, atherosclerosis is considered a contributor factor of ischemic stroke in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lee et al.[10] assessed intima-media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid arteries (CCAs) as a vascular risk factor in patients with ischemic stroke and they found that CCA-IMT was significantly higher in patients with diabetes and acute ischemic stroke more than in patients with diabetes who were stroke-free. In the current study, these risk factors were interfering with each other.
Doppler ultrasonography is nowadays widely used to assess carotid arteries for evaluating blood flow velocity in a cardiac cycle. Doppler parameters such as pulsatility index (PI),[11],[12] resistive index (RI),[12],[13] and systolic-diastolic ratio[14] were used to evaluate and classify obstructive changes and occlusive diseases of the carotids. Several studies evaluated hemodynamics of the carotid artery about smoking, diabetes, and hypertension. In smokers, the IMT significantly increased as the duration of smoking increased.[15] Diabetes and hypertension also have an apparent effect on IMT. Al-Aubin et al. evaluated the effect of hypertension on IMT of carotid arteries in Type 2 diabetic patients and concluded that diabetes and hypertension increase the IMT of carotid arteries independently.[16] The objective of this study was to assess the hemodynamic (RI, end diastolic velocity [EDV], and IMT of CCA and internal carotid arteries in stroke patients) and their relation to the risk factors; hypertension, diabetes, and smoking. Doppler sonography of carotid arteries was important since it provides accurate diagnosis of vascular abnormalities and stenosis which were critical to identify patients who need surgical intervention. The importance of this study is to provide clinicians with informative data on hemodynamic of carotid arteries and their relation with risk factors that help in diagnosis and management of stroke. However, to our knowledge, there were few published data regarding the Doppler assessment of carotid arteries in Sudanese stroke patients. However, we found most of the present studies evaluating the carotid arteries in diabetics.
| Materials and Methods | | |
This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in Khartoum State from February 2016 to August 2016. We examined fifty Sudanese patients who were clinically diagnosed with stroke. They were admitted to Khartoum Teaching Hospital for treatment and follow-up and then referred to the Ultrasound Department to examine the carotid arteries. A detailed clinical history and thorough physical examination were maintained and written on the patients' records. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smoking were documented. The exclusion criteria included patients with systematic diseases such as head injuries, cancer, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, and chronic renal diseases. Demographic data such as clinical history, age, gender, and smoking were collected from records of the admitted patients. Informed consent was taken from the participants.
The patients were examined with computerized tomography and magnetic before Doppler sonography and the findings were documented. Duplex Doppler sonography was done using GE and Mindray US machines with 7 MHz array transducers. The carotid arteries were scanned following the standard carotid sonography protocol. The patients were examined in supine and semi-supine position with the head slightly rotated to the opposite site. Both carotid arteries were scanned were scanned with gray-scale sonography to measure the IMT. Spectral Doppler scanning was performed to assess the RI, EDV of the CCA and Internal carotid arteries (ICAs). The velocity of blood flow was measured in the mid-CCA and proximal ICA with Doppler angle of 60°. RI values <0.70 were considered high. We compared RI values of the current study to RIs taken from Sudanese adults.[17]
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses performed using a computing software; a Statistical Package for Social Sciences (Version 16, SPSS, Chicago, Illinois, USA). Test of normality was done to check homogeneity of continuous variables (age, RI, EDV). Data were presented in mean ± standard deviation for descriptive statistics. Spearman's correlation was applied to find correlation of hypertension and diabetes with EDV of left CCA (LCCA) and right CCA (RCCA). Student's t-test was used to compare mean values of RI, IMT, and EDV normal values in the previous studies conducted in Sudanese. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
| Results | | |
Among the fifty patients, 31 patients (62%) were males and 19 (38%) were females. Of the fifty patients studied, 43 (86%) patients had ischemic stroke and 7 (14%) patients had hemorrhagic stroke. Mean age of the participants was 74 ± 13 years. Frequency of stenosis is summarized as shown in [Table 1]. [Table 2] summarizes the average value of RI in carotid arteries RI in the participants. The highest value of RI observed in LCCA (0.74 ± 0.084) than the RCCA (0.72 ± 0.096). [Table 3] summarizes the measurements of carotid IMT. The measurements were 1.11 ± 0.40 mm and 1.17 ± 0.50 mm for right and left CCAs, respectively. And measurement of left and right ICAs were 0.96±0.33 and 1.07±0.53 mm respectively. They were significantly higher standard published value in Sudanese (07 mm), P = 0.00. The measurement of IMT of right and left ICA were 0.70 ± 0.090 mm and 0.70 ± 0.080 mm, respectively, and they were significantly high (P = 0.00). [Table 4] shows correlations of hypertensive, diabetic, and smokers with CCA EDV in the participants. Hypertension and smoking had a negative correlation with EDV of LCCA, R2= −0.28 and 0.56, respectively. Hypertension and smoking caused a significant decrease of EDV of carotid arteries, P = 0.04 and 0.00, respectively. However, the impact of smoking is high. [Table 5] summarizes correlations of peak systolic velocity (PSV) in carotid arteries with tobacco smoking, hypertension, and diabetes. Significant negative correlations were found between PSV and hypertension and smoking (P = 0.003 and 0.00, respectively). However, no significant correlation of PSV with diabetes mellitus (P = 0.577). In [Table 6], we observed that the RI is significantly correlated with tobacco smoking (P = 0.017). In general, these findings indicate that hypertension and smoking have more significant effect on carotid hemodynamic than diabetes. | Table 2: The mean values of resistive index, end diastolic velocities, and peak systolic velocities of carotid arteries in the participants
Click here to view |
 | Table 3: Measurements of intima.media thickness of common and internal carotid arteries in stroke patients
Click here to view |
 | Table 4: Correlations of hypertension, diabetes, and smoking with end diastolic velocities of common carotid arteries in stroke patients
Click here to view |
 | Table 5: Correlations of hypertension, diabetes, and smoking with peak systolic velocities of common carotid arteries in stroke patients
Click here to view |
 | Table 6: Correlations of hypertension, diabetes, and smoking with resistive index in stroke patients
Click here to view |
The regions of the stroke are demonstrated in [Table 7]. A 60% of the stroke affects the temporoparietal region of the brain, 14% in the thalamic region. The other regions were less frequent. The types of stroke (ischemic and hemorrhagic) were compared to hypertension, diabetes, and smoking as shown in [Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3]. It was observed that hemorrhagic stroke mainly occurred in hypertensive rather than diabetic and smokers. [Figure 4] and [Figure 5] were sonograms of patients with stroke demonstrating Doppler analysis of left ICA and left CCA respectively. | Figure 1: Graph comparing ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in smokers and nonsmokers
Click here to view |
 | Figure 2: Graph comparing ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in diabetic and nondiabetic
Click here to view |
 | Figure 3: Graph comparing ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in hypertensive and nonhypertensive
Click here to view |
 | Figure 4: Spectral analysis of the right internal carotid artery of an 80-year-old male with stroke and stenosis of left internal carotid artery
Click here to view |
 | Figure 5: Doppler analysis of left common carotid arteries of an 80-year-old female known diabetic and hypertensive for 20 years having left side capsular small ischemic stroke resistive index = 0.78
Click here to view |
| Discussion | | |
Ultrasonography has been widely used for evaluation of cerebrovascular diseases. For carotid arteries, ultrasound is the initial diagnostic modality as it is safe, accurate, and relatively inexpensive, can be obtained at the bedside, and accurately depicts vascular abnormalities and complications. The study highlighted the role of Doppler sonography in ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. However, the association of hemodynamics of carotid arteries in Sudanese stroke patients with diabetes, hypertension, and smoking was not clearly studied. Therefore, we have measured the RI and IMT of the carotid arteries, beside EDV and PSV of CCA and ICA in stroke Sudanese patients and to evaluate their association with diabetes, hypertension, and smoking.
Our data regarding the mean EDV flow velocities in the carotid arteries are consistent with previously published results.[18] However, the RI was significantly increased when compared to the normal values in Sudanese adults.[19] In a previous study, there was a clear correlation between elevated RI and atherosclerosis and clinical outcome.[20] These findings supported that RI is an important hemodynamic parameter and a predictive marker of stroke.
In the study, we observed significant correlation of PSV in the carotid arteries with hypertension and tobacco smoking. This finding agreed with Haq et al., who reported a significant correlation of PSV with hypertension.[21] In general, both EDV and PSV were significantly associated with hypertensive and tobacco smokers more than diabetics. This supported that hypertension and smoking were risky more than diabetes mellitus for cerebral stroke. However, Haq et al. found that hypertension and diabetes were the most prevalent risk factors for cerebral ischemic stroke.[21]
The study found association of carotid hemodynamics with IMT, diabetes, hypertension, and tobacco use in stroke participants. These data agreed with Sidhartha Das et al.,[22] whose results based on sonographic measurements and suggested that there was significant association (P > 0.05) between stroke and values of IMT, PI, and RI in diabetics, hypertensive, and smokers. This current study proposed that hypertension was associated with both types of stroke (ischemic and hemorrhagic). The study found RI was positively correlated with smokers more than hypertensive and diabetics.
This study also showed that the EDV of CCA was associated significantly with smoking and hypertension more than diabetic in stroke participants. These findings strongly agree with those of Agunloye et al.,[23] which proposed that among hypertensive patients, the CCA diameter and EDV are significantly associated with stroke risk, P > 0.05.
Moreover, this current study suggested that the three risk factors (diabetes, hypertension, and smoking) were strongly associated with increased IMT <0.9 mm in the stroke participants. These findings are consistent with Kazmierski.,[24] who studied the sonographic measurements of IMT in carotid arteries for stroke groups. He suggested that wall thickening has a significant association with stroke occurrence and the prominent association was with smoking (63% of the participants) and hypertension (59% of the participants), P > 0.00.
Although all findings of this study showed a strong association between diabetes, hypertension, and smoking with stroke, our study faced great limitations. The sample size was small and there were no available reference values of RI, EDV, and IMT in Sudanese adults. Further studies with suitable sample size were recommended to confirm the initial results.
| Conclusion | | |
Our findings revealed that RI and IMT were significantly increased in stroke patients. Hypertension, diabetes, and smoking have an association with stroke. They have a significant effect on carotid artery hemodynamics and atherosclerotic disease. Hypertension and smoking were the most prevalent risk factors for cerebral stroke. Indeed, hypertension is mainly associated with hemorrhagic stroke.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References | | |
| 1. | Boutayeb A, Derouich M, Boutayeb W, Lamlili ME. Cerebrovascular diseases and associated risk factors in WHO Eastern Mediterranean countries. Cardiol Angiol Int J 2014;2:62-75.  |
| 2. | Iemolo F, Martiniuk A, Steinman DA, Spence JD. Sex differences in carotid plaque and stenosis. Stroke 2004;35:477-81. |
| 3. | Karapanayiotides T, Piechowski-Jozwiak B, van Melle G, Bogousslavsky J, Devuyst G. Stroke patterns, etiology, and prognosis in patients with diabetes mellitus. Neurology 2004;62:1558-62. |
| 4. | Woo D, Gebel J, Miller R, Kothari R, Brott T, Khoury J, et al. Incidence rates of first-ever ischemic stroke subtypes among blacks: A population-based study. Stroke 1999;30:2517-22. |
| 5. | Petty GW, Brown RD Jr., Whisnant JP, Sicks JD, O'Fallon WM, Wiebers DO. Survival and recurrence after first cerebral infarction: A population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota, 1975 through 1989. Neurology 1998;50:208-16. |
| 6. | Hier DB, Foulkes MA, Swiontoniowski M, Sacco RL, Gorelick PB, Mohr JP, et al. Stroke recurrence within 2 years after ischemic infarction. Stroke 1991;22:155-61. |
| 7. | Hillen T, Coshall C, Tilling K, Rudd AG, McGovern R, Wolfe CD; South London Stroke Register. Cause of stroke recurrence is multifactorial: Patterns, risk factors, and outcomes of stroke recurrence in the South London Stroke Register. Stroke 2003;34:1457-63. |
| 8. | Bonita R, Duncan J, Truelsen T, Jackson RT, Beaglehole R. Passive smoking as well as active smoking increases the risk of acute stroke. Tob Control 1999;8:156-60. |
| 9. | You RX, Thrift AG, McNeil JJ, Davis SM, Donnan GA. Ischemic stroke risk and passive exposure to spouses' cigarette smoking. Melbourne Stroke Risk Factor Study (MERFS) Group. Am J Public Health 1999;89:572-5. |
| 10. | Lee EJ, Kim HJ, Bae JM, Kim JC, Han HJ, Park CS, et al. Relevance of common carotid intima-media thickness and carotid plaque as risk factors for ischemic stroke in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2007;28:916-9. |
| 11. | Cooperberg E. Ultrasound Doppler spectral analysis in the diagnosis of occlusive lesions of the carotid arteries. Ultrasound Med Biol 1992;18:421-5. |
| 12. | Whyman MR, Naylor AR, Ruckley CV, Wildsmith JA. Extracranial carotid artery flow measurement during carotid endarterectomy using a Doppler ultrasonographic flowmeter. Br J Surg 1994;81:532-5. |
| 13. | Planiol T, Pourcelot L, Pottier JM, Degiovanni E. Study of carotid circulation by means of ultrasonic methods and thermography. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1972;126:127-41. |
| 14. | Archie JP Jr. A simple, non-dimensional, normalized common carotid Doppler velocity wave-form index that identifies patients with carotid stenosis. Stroke 1981;12:322-4. |
| 15. | Babiker MS. The effects of smoking on carotid artery hemodynamics. J Diagn Med Sonogr 2016;32:149-50. |
| 16. | Al-Aubin TF, Al-Sabbagh AA, Al-Karawi IN, Bahrani MA. Effect of Hypertension on the Carotid Artery Intima Media Thickness (IMT) in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus – Across Sectional Study. Int J Diabetes Res 2014;3:66-70. |
| 17. | |
| 18. | Chung H, Jung YH, Kim KH, Kim JY, Min PK, Yoon YW, et al. Carotid artery end-diastolic velocity and future cerebro-cardiovascular events in asymptomatic high risk patients. Korean Circ J 2016;46:72-8. |
| 19. | Alzimami KS, Mahmoud MZ, Sulieman A, AliOmer MA. Effects of cigarettes smoking on Common Carotid Arteries Resistance and Pulsatility Indices in Current Sudanese Smokers. J Am Sci 2013;9:595-6. |
| 20. | Staub D, Meyerhans A, Bundi B, Schmid HP, Frauchiger B. Prediction of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality: Comparison of the internal carotid artery resistive index with the common carotid artery intima-media thickness. Stroke 2006;37:800-5. |
| 21. | Haq S, Mathur M, Singh J, Kaur N, Sibia RS, Badhan R. Colour Doppler evaluation of extracranial carotid artery in patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke and correlation with various risk factors. J Clin Diagn Res 2017;11:TC01-5. |
| 22. | Sidhartha D, Kamalesh C, Madhusmita P, Laxmidhar R, Jayashree M, Sarat CS. The relationship of carotid plaque, intima media thickness (IMT), resistivity index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) in Asian-Indian patients with acute ischemic stroke with and without type 2 DM. Int J Clin Med 2011;2:561-7. doi:10.4236/ijcm.2011.2509. |
| 23. | Agunloye AM, Owolabi MO. Exploring carotid sonographic parameters associated with stroke risk among hypertensive stroke patients compared to hypertensive controls. J Ultrasound Med 2014;33:975-83. |
| 24. | Kazmierski R, Watala C, Podsiadly E, Dorszewska J, Adamczewska-Goncerzewicz Z, Tylewska-Wierzbanowska S, et al. Carotid intima-media thickness better differentiates between groups of stroke patients and persons without cerebrovascular disease than other conventional and novel risk factors. Folia Morphol (Warsz) 2004;63:253-60. |
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5], [Table 6], [Table 7]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Intima-Media Thickness and Pulsatility Index of Common Carotid Arteries in Acute Ischaemic Stroke Patients with Diabetes Mellitus |
|
| Olivier Bill, Michael V. Mazya, Patrik Michel, Tiago Prazeres Moreira, Dimitris Lambrou, Ivo A. Meyer, Lorenz Hirt | | Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 12(1): 246 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Carotid artery hemodynamics among diabetic and hypertensive patients |
|
| Hamnah Fatima, Syeda Rabi Madina, Naveed Asad, Sajid Shaheen Malik, Asif Hanif, Syed Amir Gilani, Wafa Fatima, Amsa Fatima, Shurooq Amjad, Iqra Ramzan | | Pakistan BioMedical Journal. 2022; 5(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Carotid intima–media thickness relative to cognitive impairment in dialysis patients, and their relationship with brain volume and cerebral small vessel disease |
|
| Ke Zheng, Yujun Qian, Tiaye Lin, Fei Han, Hui You, Xixi Tao, Bo Hou, Jing Yuan, Haiyun Wang, Dingding Zhang, Ke Lv, Feng Feng, Yicheng Zhu, Xuemei Li | | Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease. 2020; 11: 2040622320 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
 |
|
|
|
Search Pubmed for