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| CASE SERIES |
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| Year : 2018 | Volume
: 4
| Issue : 2 | Page : 65-72 |
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Multifocal cerebral infarction as the first manifestation of occult malignancy: Case series of trousseau's syndrome and literature review
Weibi Chen1, Yanbo He2, Yingying Su1
1 Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
2 Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University; Department of Neurology, The Beijing Moslem People Hospital, Beijing, China
| Date of Submission | 05-Jan-2018 |
| Date of Decision | 22-Apr-2018 |
| Date of Acceptance | 09-May-2018 |
| Date of Web Publication | 29-Jun-2018 |
Correspondence Address:
Dr. Weibi Chen
Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing
China
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_1_18
Ischemic stroke as an initial presentation of malignancy is extremely rare and the underlying etiology is often ignored. The aim of this study is to outline the clues to occult malignancy in patients presenting with cerebral infarction initially. The clinical characteristics of total 19 patients with Trousseau's Syndrome presenting with cerebral infarction initially were analyzed. Among those patients, no conventional vascular risk factors were detected in 68% (13/19) of patients, and infarction occurring in multiple vascular distributions was found in 84% (16/19). Blood test showed thrombophilia in 79% (15/19) of patients with significantly elevated D-dimer, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) in 59% (11/19), and elevated levels of tumor makers in 47% (9/19). The prognosis of the 19 patients was poor, with 68% (13/19) of patients undergoing a relapse of stroke in short interval, and 84% (16/19) being reportedly to die in 6 months. In patients, who developed unexplained recurrent brain infarction involving multiple arterial territory, with laboratory evidence suggesting hypercoagulability (higher level of D-dimer, or DIC), Trousseau's Syndrome should be considered, and investigation for an occult malignancy was required. Keywords: Cerebral infarction, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, hypercoagulability, ischemic stroke, malignant tumor, Trousseau's syndrome
How to cite this article:
Chen W, He Y, Su Y. Multifocal cerebral infarction as the first manifestation of occult malignancy: Case series of trousseau's syndrome and literature review. Brain Circ 2018;4:65-72 |
How to cite this URL:
Chen W, He Y, Su Y. Multifocal cerebral infarction as the first manifestation of occult malignancy: Case series of trousseau's syndrome and literature review. Brain Circ [serial online] 2018 [cited 2023 Jun 3];4:65-72. Available from: http://www.braincirculation.org/text.asp?2018/4/2/65/235614 |
| Introduction | |  |
It was reported that thrombosis may occur in patients with known cancer. In an autopsy study, 7.4% and 14.6% of those patients with cancer suffered from clinically or pathologically cerebrovascular events attacks, respectively.[1] Some patients even have concomitant disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). However, little is known that thrombotic episodes can precede the diagnosis of malignancy by months or years or appear concomitantly, which is named as Trousseau's syndrome.[2] Trousseau's syndrome presenting with ischemic stroke is exceedingly exceptional and the underline stroke etiology is often ignored. The present study aimed to outline the clues to occult malignancy in ischemic stroke patients by summarizing the characteristics of 19 cases (including three cases in our institution) with cerebral infarction as the presenting manifestation of Trousseau's Syndrome.
| Case Reports | | |
Case 1
A 65-year-old male presented with memory decline and behavioral disturbance for 11 days, weakness in left limbs for 2 days. Past medical history included mild hypertension and ischemic stroke 3 months ago with slight residual weakness (mRs = 1). Physical examination on admission revealed somnolence, gaze paralysis, and left hemiplegia. Massive ischemic infarcts with hemorrhagic transformation in the right cerebral hemisphere, along with multiple punctate infarcts in the brainstem, bilateral cerebellum, and left cerebral hemisphere were shown on brain magnetic resonance imaging [Figure 1]. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed no atrial enlargement, vegetation, or emboli. Ultrasound showed only thick intima within bilateral carotid arteries. No intracranial artery stenosis was found by transcranial color-coded duplex (TCCD) sonography. His complete blood counts were normal except elevating white blood cell count (13.21 × 109/L). Blood coagulation studies showed extending activated partial prothrombin time (7.5 s), increasing international neutralization ratio (1.52), and D-dimer (20ug/ml). Other thrombophilic screen was normal. | Figure 1: (a-b) Diffusion weighted imaging showed multiple lesions in bihemispheric territories and cerebellum (2016/2/4) (c-f) Diffusion weighted imaging showed massive ischemic infarction in the right cerebral hemisphere as well as multiple punctate infarcts in the brainstem, bilateral cerebellum and left cerebral hemisphere (2016/2/15)
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After admission, the patient was treated with aspirin and atorvastatin, but his condition continued to deteriorate and he lapsed into unconsciousness. Extremely, high level of tumor markers such as carcinoembryonic antigen (1000 ng/ml), carcinoma antigen 125 (90 U/ml), carcinoma antigen 19-9 (1000U/ml), carcinoma antigen 15-3 (119U/ml), neuron-specific enolase (196 ng/ml), cytokeratin fragment 19 (72 ng/ml), and carcinoma antigen 72-4 antigen (300 U/ml) were noticed, which reminded us to investigate concealed cancer. The contrast-enhanced computer tomography showed multiple enlarged lymph nodes in the abdominal cavity [Figure 2]. Bone marrow biopsy revealed unknown classification of cells suggestive of metastases from occult tumor [Figure 3]. Flow cytometry and immune phenotype showed P3 accounted for 1.7% of marrow nucleated cells, with expression of CD19, CD20, CD22, and lambda, with no expressing of CD10, CD5, FMC7, CD23, Kappa, CD103, CD25, and Monoclonal B cells accounted for 1.7% in bone marrow. The genetic testing of leukemia showed monoclonal gene rearrangement of IgH tube B, IgH tube C, Igκ tube A, Igκtube B, and Igλ. Malignant monoclonal proliferative disease of B cells was indicated. Thereafter, he experienced bleeding in the airway, nasal mucosal, urinary tract, intestinal, and skin. Abnormal blood coagulation with decreased platelet (PLT) counts (45 × 109/l) and fibrinogen (FIB) (1.1 g/L), along with prolonged APPT (96.1S), INR (1.91), and D-dimer (>20 ug/ml), confirmed DIC. The patient was given plasma and PLT infusion. However, he deteriorated continuously and died after the third attack of brainstem infarction on the 46th day of onset. | Figure 2: contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography showed multiple swollen mediastinal lymph nodes (arrows)
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 | Figure 3: Morphology of bone marrow cell showed cells of unidentified classification
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Case 2
A 56-year-old male presented with dizziness for 1½ months. He had a transient loss of consciousness 1 week ago. When consciousness recovered, he was found weakness in the left limbs and paresthesia in the right face. However, all of her symptoms had fully resolved 3 days later. No cerebrovascular risk factors were identified. Medical history revealed resection of lung adenocarcinoma in the left lung lobe 2 years ago. Neurological examination on admission showed nothing special. However, the chest percussion was dull with no breath sounds in the left chest, which was confirmed as pleural effusion associated with severe lung infection. Multiple punctate infarcts in the bilateral cerebral hemispheres were revealed by brain computed tomography (CT) scan. No vascular stenosis was found by TCCD and ultrasound. Blood test showed normal except for elevated white blood cells (WBC) (12 × 109/L). He was given anti-infective therapy, thoracentesis drainage, and mechanical ventilation. On the 5th day after admission, he developed a hematoma in the location of right jugular vein catheterization. Blood testing showed the increased level of WBC (22 × 109/L), but decreased level of PLT (38 × 109/L), hemoglobin (105 g/L), and FIB (0.6 g/L). Coagulation parameters were also extremely abnormal (INR 4.66, APTT 67.8s, and D-dimer 4.8 mg/L). He was given FIB intravenously. However, oozing at the access of deep venous catheter happened on the 6th day. The results of the blood tests deteriorated; furthermore, the diagnosis of DIC (INR 7.01, APTT 91.8, WBC 46 × 109/L, FIB < 0.6 g/L, and PLT 28 × 109/L) was confirmed. The patient deteriorated progressively and died on the 6th day.
Case 3
A 50-year-old male was admitted with a 4-day history of sternal pain, cough, sputum, and fever. He had a transient weakness in the right limbs 2 weeks ago. No conventional cerebrovascular risk factors were identified. Blood test showed elevated levels of WBC (66 × 109/l) and D-dimer (2.2 mg/L), and decreased levels of PLT (36 × 109/l) and FIB (1.153 g/L). Bone marrow biopsy showed hyperplasia, myeloid hyperplasia, in which 4% of primary granulocyte, 87% of promyelocytic with irregular nuclear, cytoplasmic particles, Amer bodies, erythroid suppression, and megakaryocytes less were observed. About 20% of primary granulocytes and 74% of promyelocytic were in plains of peripheral blood. The patient was diagnosed as an acute nonlymphocytic leukemia M3 and DIC. He was administrated with PLT, FIB, and plasma intravenously; leukemia regimen (dexamethasone, arsenic) and hydroxyurea orally; and low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) subcutaneously for DIC. However, the patient developed global aphasia and weakness on the right limbs. Physical examination revealed somnolence, Broca's aphasia, and right hemiplegia. Cranial CT scan showed massive infarct in the left middle cerebral artery territory. Dehydration was given, but herniation still happened on the 4th day.
Furthermore, we searched in PubMed/MEDLINE using the MeSH term of “Trousseau's syndrome, cerebral infarction/ischemic stroke, and tumor/cancer/malignancy” for literature concerning about Trousseau's Syndrome presenting with cerebral infarction and summarized 19 cases including the three cases in our institution [Table 1].[3],[4],[5],[6],[7],[8],[9],[10],[11],[12],[13],[14],[15],[16] | Table 1: Clinical features of trousseau':s syndrome in 19 patients presenting with cerebral infarctiond
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| Discussion | | |
In this study, we reported three cases of Trousseau's syndrome presented with ischemic stroke as the first manifestation of malignant tumor and reviewed 16 such entities. In another report, among 5106 cases admitted for ischemic stroke, 24 patients (0.4%) had an underlying malignancy.[17] That is to say, a cerebrovascular thromboembolic event may precede the identification of cancer and be the first clinical evidence of an underlying malignancy, which is an extremely rare kind of Trousseau's syndrome.
Patients with ischemic stroke as the first manifestation of malignant tumor had less conventional stroke risk factors.[18] In this study, vascular risk factors were found only in 32% (6/19) of patients. Furthermore, 84% (16/19) of patients had infarction occurring in multiple vascular distributions. Similarly, multi-vessel lesions were found in 77% of the ischemic stroke patients who had occult lung cancer by Mai et al.,[18] and in 90% (9/10) of stroke cases with infarct lesions in the bihemispheric territories as the first manifestation of concealed cancer by Kwon et al.[19] In short, when extensive stroke evaluation failed to identify a primary cerebrovascular explanation in those patients whose imaging manifested as multiple infarct lesion that exceed the territory of a single vessel, it was a key clue for Trousseau's syndrome.
In our cases series, high value of D-dimer were observed in 79% (15/19) of patients. Mai et al.[18] reported that all of the patients with occult lung cancer, who suffered from ischemic stroke, were accompanied by significantly increased D-dimer. Kwon's study showed that the proportion with elevated D-dimer was 60%.[19] Kim et al.[20] suggest that increased D-dimer (with cutoff value of 2.15 mg/L), along with multi-infarct region, were potential predictors of tumor. The Guo's study showed the sensitivity and specificity of elevated D-dimer levels (>5.5 mg/L) in patients of ischemic stroke with occult cancer will exceed 93%.[21] Development of DIC was also common, which was observed in 59% (11/19) of patients in this study. High value of D-dimer and DIC in these patients with multiple ischemic infarct regions is suggestive of a thrombophilia, and a screen for occult cancers is necessary.
The cases series reviewed here indicated that the principal mechanisms of stroke pathogenesis were hypercoagulable states (9/19), nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (5/15), and chronic DIC (5/19), which is in according to the previous study.[6],[17],[22],[23],[24],[25] Hypercoagulable state is the most common mechanism in patients with cancer or potential cancer. The molecular mechanisms inducing a prothrombotic state in patients with malignancy include tumoral production of procoagulants such as tissue factor and cancer procoagulant and inflammatory cytokines, and the interaction between tumor cells, blood, and endothelial cells.
Approaches for treating Trousseau's syndrome are to eliminate the causative tumor first to improve the hypercoagulable state. Systemic anticoagulation, if there are no contraindications, may ameliorate symptoms and prevent further thromboembolic episodes to a certain extent.[17] Studies suggest that warfarin is less effective than heparin in reducing the rate of recurrent embolization.[26] A trend toward decreased mortality with LMWH has recently been reported as compared to standard heparin and the reduction in mortality appears to be independent of the reduction in thromboembolism and bleeding.[10] The novel oral anticoagulant dabigatran is also reported to be effective for the treatment of the Trousseau's syndrome.[27] However, in Yoshida's case report, the patient, who was considered as with stroke caused by cardiogenic embolism, still endured recurrent stroke although using dabigatran.[9]
The prognosis of the 19 patients was poor. As Kwon reported, half of these patients had recurrent strokes within 6 months.[19] Mai et al.[18] also reviewed that 92% (12 patients) of such entities had recurrent episodes of stroke and more than half of the patients (58%) had a relapse within one month.[17],[18] In this study, 68% (13/19) of patients underwent a relapse of stroke in short intervals, which verified the prothrombotic state caused by the occult malignancy. Most of our case (84%, 16/19) were reportedly to die in 6 months (5 days–6 months). The 3-month mortality rates are higher in patients with cancer metastasis compared to those without metastasis.[28] The published mortality rate in cancer-related stroke ranges from 25% to 30%, compared to 14% in stroke patients without cancers.[29],[30],[31] Guo's study showed that the 1-year mortality rate in patients with active cancer was more than 50%.[21] In Taccone's study, the mortality was even up to 79% (19 of 24) with a median survival of 58 days after the index event. Mean follow-up of surviving patients was 29 months (3–60).[17] In other words, once stroke occurs in a patient with cancer, regardless of etiology, the overall prognosis was poor.[29]
| Conclusion | | |
Our cases emphasize that when extensive stroke evaluation failed to identify a primary cerebrovascular explanation, particularly when the patients have repeated occurring stroke in short intervals in which the lesions exceed the territory of a single vessel, with hypercoagulability (higher level of D-dimer or DIC), a search for an underlying malignancy is suggested. Ischemic stroke might be the first manifestation of an undiagnosed cancer, in which elimination of the causative tumor and systemic anticoagulation is suggested, but the outcomes are poor with early stroke recurrence and high mortality rate.
Declaration of patient consent
The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. In the form the patient(s) has/have given his/her/their consent for his/her/their images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patients understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity.
Acknowledgment
The authors greatly appreciate the support of Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals' Youth Programme (No. QML20160801).
Financial support and sponsorship
This study was financially supported by Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals' Youth Programme, the People's Republic of China (No. QML20160801).
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3]
[Table 1]
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